THE QUEST FOR A GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY
FOR ANY PARTICULAR PERSPECTIVE
- does it ever exist or has it been there all the time?
Ancient Balance Medicine Education Ctr Ltd
Ancient Balance Medicine Research Institute
ABSTRACT
Sciences have been developed throughout human history in order to search for a set of basic components and their relationships to one another within a certain field. System thinkers try to find a basic set of components and relationships that can be applied to all fields of science. System thinking enables the view of a big picture in a holistic perspective, so that all components, relationships, and transformations can be clearly understood by the observer.
In any system, an observer is required in order for analysis occur. In physics, speed and time do not mean anything without the frame of reference of an observer. The frame of reference of the observer determines the perspective of the analysis of the system. An observer can try to analyze a system objectively, however, being objective only means that the analysis is agreeable by a certain population of observers. There will always be a larger population of observers and hence the analysis is always relatively subjective. Objective analysis with either "no perspective" or "all perspective" is impossible, any analysis will instead take on one of an infinite number of possible perspectives.
In this paper, the properties of a general theory which can be applied in any particular perspective are analyzed. Some of the existing fundamental theories in different fields are investigated; including set theory in mathematics, relativity in physics, differential diagnosis-cure process in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichi Yin-Yang theory in Taoism, and Five Systems theory in the teaching of Buddha.
Keywords: General System Theory, Taichi Yin-Yang System Theory, Set theory, Relativity, TCM Differential diagnosis-cure process, Traditional Chinese Medicine, the teaching of Buddha, Differentiation, Govt Futures, Environment, Security, Sciences Education, System Thinking in a Virtual World
INTRODUCTION
Holism is about analyzing a problem with all the components and relationships (‘statics’), the change of states, and the rules of change (‘dynamics’) in order to have a full view within a particular perspective or a particular set of perspectives.
(Wong 2007d) presents our research of the general structure of a system according to the theory of Taichi Yin-Yang system theory. The Good and Evil Yin-Yang chart was employed for the representation of the spectrum of states of a system.
This paper presents our research of the general structure of the other part of a system, the observer, according to the theories in the teaching of Buddha. With these two structures together we have a better picture of a general system theory. A possible solution to the common situation when different observers are involved in a system will also be presented. The rules of further differentiation of systems into subsystems are also presented. However, the rules for integration of different systems into one system and the system dynamics for these structures require further research.
The properties of the general system theory of any particular perspective
In order to search for a general system theory, we need to know what we are searching for, and what properties it should have. It is believed that a GST should have the following properties:
· should be general enough to explain theories in all field of sciences
· could be expressed in a common language in a simple manner so that layman can understand it, but at the same time could be expressed in any other scientific language so that any field of physical, social and biological scientists can make use of it to explain all the phenomenon in their respective fields
· should simply state the facts and have no attitude of right or wrong because that exists only in the perspective of the observer(s)
· should not indicate which perspective is the best or is good all the time
· should not indicate which strategy is the best or is good all the time
· should indicates that every perspective has good (balanced) and bad (Deficient of Essence good and the Excess of Toxin evil.
· a general theory that will include all observer does not exists
· should answer the following questions: how do we know we have the big picture? how can we know that we have taken everything into consideration? how many components should we consider? how do we know that we did not miss something?
However, the difficulties are:
· in quantum physics there is an uncertainty principle, it is not because the observer has done something wrong, it is because the very act of analysis make the whole process subjective in some way. The very act of observation or analysis already change the behavior of the system we analyze.
· one can only imagine anothers' perspective or the object's perspective, not until others or the object become the observer itself will one know if a particular perspective is the same perspective for others.
· how to be objective? how big is the population of the observers? If it is not the whole population of the universe, it is still subjective relative to the population. That is, being subjective and objective is still within the scope of relativity.
· there is no universal perspective, there is a perspective for every one observer, a common perspective for a larger population of observers can be found but there will never be "the perspective for all", there will only be a common structure and process for any particular one perspective, and there is no right or wrong for the common structure and process.
· Having "no perspective" is by definition "a perspective". Therefore from "no perspective" to "all perspective" is the spectrum of perspective, as found in duality theory. The ultimate truth is not "no perspective" and not "all perspective", which comes back to the theory of paradox of all ancient great thinkers like Buddha in Vipassana, Laozi (Lao Tse) in Taoism, Plato in Platonism. Fortunately, the technique of how to experience the ultimate truth is both logical and practical, with clear instructions for us to perform experiments, and even with safety pre-cautions (Goenka 1987a) (Goenka 1987b).
· Our research shows that such a theory exists not because of the truth of the universe, but actually become of the properties of the observer, it is the way on how observer "see" and analyse this universe, namely differentiation.
THE STRUCTURE OF A GENERAL
SYSTEM
System theory is believed to contains two components: System and Observer. The basic structure and basic dynamics of the system component are discussed in (Wong 2007d), which is summarized in Table 1, Fig 1 and Fig 2.
Table.1
The summary of the formation of the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory.
|
VOID, |
VOID, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11. states spectrum of COLD-HOT
Deficient-Excess |
12. strategies spectrum of |
|
|
|
VOID |
Note that
mathematically, the definition of a system is already the first perspective,
forming the Deficient-Excess state spectrum, and the Nourish-Dissipate
influence spectrum. The perspective within the system should be considered as
the second perspective, forming the Cold-Hot state spectrum, and the Cool
down-Heat up influence spectrum. The Cold-Hot Deficient-Excess state spectrum
and the Cool down-Heat up Nourish-Dissipate influence spectrum in (WONG 2007d) is actually the combination
of the two perspectives expressed as a combo bar chart called the Good n Evil
Yin-Yang chart.
Fig.1 The
state spectrum in the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory.
Fig.2 The
influence sperturm in the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory.
Fig 3.
The Good n Evil Yin-Yang Chart representation of
a system with a particular perspective.
Extending
from the one perspective analysis in (WONG 2007d), the combination of two
perspectives of a system (three perspectives in total) is employed in this
paper for
the analysis of observers on system theory.
The idea
of Superficial was graphically illustrated in (Wong 2008h), it could be
considered as the interface between a system (interior) and its environment
(exterior). Future research would extend this system view to represent the
relationship between three levels in system theory, e.g. level N being the
superficial of the interior level N-1, and level N+1 being exterior. It could be more similar to the system
or more similar to the environment, thus introducing a third level of logic as
illustrated in Fig 4. It is believed to be the ancient theory on fuzzy logic.
Fig. 4
The Interior-Superficial-Exterior system structure, the rise of fuzzy logic in
ancient system theory.
Note that
in Traditional Chinese Medicine (HuangDi 206BC) (Wong 2005) (Wong 2006), five
of these Superficial-Interior Good n Evil Yin-Yang charts are employed for the
analysis of the five sub-systems of human body.
THE STRUCTURE OF A GENERAL
OBSERVER
Observers
can be analyzed as a system by other observers, therefore the methodology for
applying the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory in (Wong 2007d) can be employed
again for the analysis of observers as well as systems. Note that sometimes it
is very hard to have a clear boundary between observers and decision makers.
Both of them have the power to choose how to act and the reason of why to act.
The act of an observer by choosing a system to observe and choosing a
particular perspective to analyze a system is also a decision making process.
Hence they could be classified with the following perspectives shown in Table 2
Table 2
|
Observers'
ability in system theory |
reason
of why to act |
power
of how to act |
|
|
awareness |
perspective |
|
|
Desire
to achieve the idel balance state from current state |
strategy
|
*These
four characters together with the physical body system (色) is said to be the five aggregates of human in the teaching of Buddha
(Buddha 500BC a), (Buddha 500BC b) (Goenka 1987a) (Goenka 1987b).
It should
be noted that this paper is about the analysis of a general system theory, and
hence it should recursively fall into the pattern of the same general system
theory. It is similar to the situation that a computer programming language
should be able to be used for writing a compiler for the programming language
itself.
The above
illustration is called a "table" and is a common format of
illustration of ideas nowadays, however, it is actually composed of two
perspectives, or two Taichi Yin-Yang systems, or two dimensions. This could be
considered as the formation of hierarchy with emerging power (Taichi) as
illustrated in Table 3 to 5.
Table 3. The Taichi Yin-Yang system structure of observer
|
Yin
|
Tai
Chi: Differentiation, |
Yang
|
Table 4. The next level of hierarchy according to Taichi Yin-Yang system theory:
|
Yin
|
Tai
Chi: Observation |
Yang
|
Yin
|
Tai
Chi: |
Yang
|
Table 5. The interaction of two Taichi Yin-Yang systems at the same level of hierarchy:
|
Sufficient
Yin |
Minor Yang |
Minor
Yin |
Sufficient
Yang |
|
awareness(consciousness, cognition) |
perspective
(perception, recognition) |
Desire according to preferences, prejudices, ignorance and wisdom(sensation causing desire) |
strategy (reaction; mental conditioning) |
* World
Health Organization standard terminologies in traditional medicine
Observers
are usually regarded as the ones who analyze the system. However all humans
that are capable to observe should be regarded as observers, especially in the
application to social systems. The observer's perspective defines the ideal
state of a system. Decision makers identify the current state of a system and
compare it with the ideal state which produces desires to implement strategies.
The first group of observers identify the
problem and setup the boundary of a system. With a particular perspective, the
group of observers may have a common ideal balanced system state, or may have
different ideal balanced system states. With a common ideal balanced system
state, the observers and decision makers will implement strategies to maintain
the state (resilience) due to turbulence caused by the influences from the
environment of the system. In the case of observers having different ideal
balanced system states, the observers and decision makers (governing body) have
to determine a common tolerable ideal balanced system state. Note that decision
makers could be observers at the same time.
One
common perspective to classify observers could be described by the basic
characteristics of preference, prejudice, and no comments. Employing the
classification of Taichi Yin-Yang system theory, observers could be classified
into the deterministic (Yang
operates) and the whatever (Ying
supports). Deterministic could be
further classified into For (like, preference, craving, Yin) and Against
(dislike, prejudice, aversion, Yang). Whatever
could be further classified into Ignorance (Ying) who follows the Deterministic,
and the Wisdom (Yang) who only cares about the harmony of all observers. This
can be illustrated using the Taichi Yin-Yang system structure as in Table 6.
Table 6. The characteristics of the desire of observers
|
Yin
|
Tai
Chi: Differentiation |
Yang
|
|||||
|
Yin |
Tai Chi: Whatever type |
Yang |
Yin |
Tai Chi: |
Yang |
||
Each type of observers has their own characteristics and is shown in Table 7.
Table 7 The characteristics of each type of observers
|
Yin
|
Tai
Chi: Differentiation |
Yang
|
|
Whatever with wisdom |
Good |
|
|
Whatever with ignorance |
Evil |
conditional
love |
|
like (craving) |
|
|
Most observers are a combination of these four types and the size of each of the components determine the individuality of observers.
Deterministic observers are usually leaders because they have a strong opinion with passion of like or dislike on a system. Whatever ignorance observers usually follows them. Whatever wisdom observers always have compassion for the other three kind of observers. They reckon that all of them are suffering in their whole lives because their unlimited desires. These wise people left techniques of how to come out of suffering and these techniques are analyzed in (Wong 2008d) using ancient and modern system theories.
(Wong 2007d) illustrated that any system has a spectrum (continuum) of possible states with any particular perspective. Each observer has a preference on the spectrum of states to be used as their ideal state. However, in order to achieve their respective ideal state, they may hide their real agenda and show a false agenda to the public. These characteristics of observers actually caused many methodologies and strategies in system theory to fail in practical situations. The exterior-superficial-interior extension of Taichi Yin-Yang system theory in (Wong 2008h) is employed to illustrate these characteristics as in Table 8.
Table 8. The open agenda and hidden agenda of an observer
environment
of observer
Exterior
|
open
agenda of |
Superficial:
|
how
to act publicly |
|
Yin
|
Tai
Chi: Differentiation |
Yang
|
|
|
Interior: |
|
(The Taichi Yin-Yang system simple
Exterior-Superficial-Interior component structure)
An example of a typical observer is shown in Table 9.
Table 9. Example of a typical observer:
|
open
agenda of |
Superficial:
|
how
to act publicly: |
|
Yin
|
Tai
Chi: Differentiation |
Yang
|
|
|
Interior: |
|
(The Taichi Yin-Yang system
simple Exterior-Superficial-Interior component structure)
All the above structures of observers are derived from the Taichi Yin-Yang theory and Set theory in mathematics (Wong 2007d). It is believed that any other structure is a subset of this particular structure. This structure exists because of the way observers see the world: differentiation (Buddha 500BC a) (Buddha 500BC b) (Goenka 1987a) (Goenka 1987b).
Observers
l see an object by differentiating it from the background view,
l hear a sound by differentiating it from the background noise,
l taste a flavor by differentiating it from the background flavor in the mouth,
l smell a fragrance by differentiating it from the background fragrance in the nose,
l feel a touch by differentiating it from the background sensation in the body,
l remember a thought by differentiating it from the background thoughts in the memory.
Therefore any system
theory that is a subset of the proposed complete theory would be an incomplete
system theory. On the other hand, even if there may exist a more complete
theory in which the proposed complete theory is just a subset of it, such a
theory will not be describable because it is beyond the ability of the
observers to be aware of it. All human languages are
invented by observers and hence are based on differentiation. Therefore. no
human language is possible to describe what it is like beyond differentiation.
In the teaching of Buddha and other ancient texts in different cultures, they
can only describe the "world" beyond differentiation as nothing like
our world and hence is not thinkable nor discussable (不可思議) (Buddha 500BC a)(Buddha 500BC b) (Goenka 1987a) (Goenka 1987b) (Laozi 590BC) (Wong 2008d).
When the structure of
observers (decision makers) combines with the structure of the system
it could be considered as a complex interaction of two systems. However, it is
believed that the solution to the problem of complexity should be the idea of
simplicity.
EXAMPLE: HALF FILLED or
HALF EMPTY?
Example 1: Half filled or half empty? The analysis of a oil storage-usage system.
Observer's awareness causes system definition: a jar of oil and the environment
Observer's perspective defines the ideal state of the jar of oil.
The current state: the oil level inside the jar is half the height of the jar. The jar system (Taichi) = {the level of space, the level of oil} {Yin, Yang}
Observers compare the difference between the current and their respective ideal system states and may have the following desires:
1. Half-filled already, could reduce: optimistic, only the yang (content) is considered.
2. Half-empty already, should raise: pessimistic, only the yin (space) is considered.
3. Half-filled and half-empty, could reduce or raise: realistic and objective with wisdom, both yin and yang are considered.
4. Looks like half filled but also looks like half empty: agitation with ignorance, disturbed by the fact that there exists both yin and yang in the world.
Decision makers implement the followings strategies:
A. use up the half filled oil for cooking dinner
B. fill up the half empty oil for furture use
C. maintain or change the half filled oil for the harmony of others
D. all options have advantages, but they also have disadvantages, what should we do? Maybe follow one option first, but can change later.
In the above example, which observer is correct? Which decision maker has the proper strategy? It all depends on the desire of the observers and decision makers. A general system theory only points out the structure and properties of a system, and that of an observer and that of a decision maker. Only all the possibilities (spectrums) of every perspective are included in the theory. There is no right or wrong, not good or bad. Objective and Subjective is a spectrum only. It may seem that the third observer is very objective. However, if the shape of the jar is not perfectly symmetrical from the top to bottom, the volume of the lower half of the jar maybe larger then the upper half. That is, the jar maybe 60% full already. Moreover, some other observers may want to analyze the system with more perspectives. For example, the current state of the system maybe as follows:
Example 2: Current system state of a system with a combination of perspectives of another group of observers, i.e. a multi-dimension system analysis:
l a sealed glass jar of the capacity of 1L in traditional Indian style with the wording "Stories of Vipassana" engraved on the outside,
l
containing 80% of 99% pure
high-grade grape seed oil produced in Margrat river in
l with internal pressure of 1psi and temperature 40 degree C
Perspectives
involved:
l level of interaction with the environment: sealed
l
size: 1L
l
style:
traditional Indian
l labeling: simply has the wording "Stories of Vipassana" engraved on the outside
l
quantity
of content: 80%
l quality of content: 99% pure high-grade grape seed oil
l
popularity: produced in Margrat
river in
l physical environment within the jar: internal pressure of 1psi and T 40 degree C, 1L
It could be seen that being objective in
the population of observers in the first example is not objective at all among
the population of the observers in the second example, even though
each one of the perspectives in the second example could be measured
objectively in physics. Therefore, objectivity depends on the population of
observers.
BEHAVIOR: HOW TO DETERMINE
THE CURRENT STATE
A general
state identification process from the behavior of the system, according to a
particular perspective of a particular set of perspectives, will be illustrated
in (Wong TBPa).
Note that
the behavior of the system in the first example may simply be the level of the
oil and space. However, as pointed out earlier, analysis with system theory
should include observers. Therefore the satisfaction of the observers and hence
their level of happiness should also be considered.
INFLUENCE
Influences
are the cause of the changes of system
states. They can be classified according to the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory
with two perspectives as in Table 10.
Table 10.
The influence towards a system.
|
Influence (Taichi) towards a system |
not desired (Yin) |
Desired (Yang) |
|
|
environment / atmosphere* influences |
Necessity |
|
|
memory feedback triggered by new information,
uncontrolled residue effect of some old strategies (a past mental reaction*) |
present desired action, new strategies (a
present mental reaction*) |
* these are considered as the four causes for
the arising of matter in the teaching of Buddha (Goenka 1987a) (Goenka 1987b)
Some of
the rules of change of a system in ancient theories are:
l
the
environment becomes part of the system, or the system
becomes part of the environment
l
input
or output between the system and the environment
l
interaction
of the interior, the superficial (interface), and the exterior
l
the
appearance of change are the flows going in and out
of boundaries
l
the
flows can be regulated or controlled
l
what
flows? energy? matter? information? the power? consciousness?
Different
kind of strategies are illustrated in ancient Chinese texts:
l
Golden
rule of regulation (Wong 2005) (Wong TBPa)
l
Sun
Tzu's The Art of War (Sun Tze 600BC)
l
Thirty-Six
Stratagems of Ancient China (Unknown)
l
I-Ching (FuXi Shi 1122 BC)
l
Taichi
pushing hands exercise
(Zhang 1200) (Wang 1300) (Wong TBPc) (Wong TBPd)
The
Taichi exercise therapy is benificial to the physical and mental health of
human (Wong TBPc). And the Taichi pushing hands
exercise is about the implementation of a strategy to a system, which is the
other essence of the exercise. The
technique is to maintain the point of interaction (same system) but never
involve in a direct conflict (on the opposite sides of the same perspective).
Instead, another force in a different direction (different perspective) on the
same point of interaction (system) should be implemented (Zhang 1200) (Wang 1300) (Wong TBPc) (Wong TBPd).
Decision makers
implement strategies to influence a system so that it behaves as they desire.
However, all actions performed according to any strategy are also an act of
differentiation. Otherwise observers cannot be aware of them because observers
aware through differentiation. The general influence spectrum of a Taichi
Yin-Yang system in (Wong 2007d) is illustrated in Table 11.
Table 11.
The Cold-Hot Nourish-Dissipate Influence Spectrum
environment of system
|
|
|
|
|
COLD influence |
Do nothing |
HOT influence |
|
Yang Raising influence for Yang Deficient
system |
Yin Yang Raising |
Yin Raising influence for Yin Deficient
Ssytem |
|
Yin Reducing influence for Yin Excess system |
Yin Yang Reducing |
Yang Reducing influence for Yang Excess
system |
(The Cold-Hot
Nourish-Dissipate Influence Spectrum)
The
process of the application of strategies to a social system:
1. identify
the system, e.g. Public smoking areas
2. identify
the set of different perspectives in a population of observers
3. understand
that observers can be classified into the four categories of like, dislike,
ignorance and wisdom
4. identify
the observers' open agenda on the preferred states on the state spectrum, but
expect the observers' hidden agenda to come out anytime (the identification of
the hidden agenda is an art of war and will be illustrated in (Wong TBPd))
5. decision
makers decide on the states that will allow different observers to live in
harmony within the system (also harmony between decision makers)
6. decision
makers choose the proper strategy from the strategy spectrum according to the
current state (turbulence) and the agreed balance state (resilience)
7. expect
that the group of like (for) and dislike (against) observers will always arise with
any state or any strategy, and the ignorance group of observers usually follows
one of these two groups of observers
Post
strategy stage:
8. Once
the strategy is implemented, the state of the system changes, and the memory of
the observers changes. Their open agenda and hidden
agenda may change and then they may have new preferences, opinions, and
actions. That is, they are adaptive systems with memory feedback.
9. Decision makers would wait until a new crisis level is reached before repeating the
above process.
10. Decision makers themselves could have hidden agenda as
well.
CONCLUSION
It is
believed that no single strategy is good for all systems in all times.
Observers change, systems change, and the environment changes. Hence, system
states change, ideal states change, and
even the definition of the systems change. New
strategies are required from the strategy spectrum
to reduce the difference between the current state and the newly agreed ideal
balanced state.
This is a
never ending story. Observers keep changing their desires, hence changing their
like and dislikes. The current states of systems are always different from
their respective desired ideal states. Observers always have different desired
ideal states.
Currently
the environment system and financial system are under crisis and changes will
affect all observers causing social changes. Humans do not like social changes, not because they do not like changes. Humans change fashions, mobile phones, computers,
house, cars, or even lovers. They need changes to stimulate all six senses to
feel sensations and hence happiness. Humans just do not like changes that do not match their direction of desires.
The
proposed general system theory is believed to be universal and could be used to understand the nature of systems and
observers. Only by taking into consideration the nature of both of them at the
same time can a proper strategy be selected for the current state of the
system, observer and environment. There will be future problems, conflicts, and
suffering and new
strategies are required to maintain our happiness and harmony. As long as the
characteristics of the observers remain the same,
the characteristics of systems will remain the same as
well. Perhaps the enlightened persons throughout human history are correct; the most important task of our life is not to
formulate strategies that may keep us happy only temporarily.. This is the reason why the enlightened ones discarded the knowledge that they had come to know. They only concentrated on formulating the strategies that will eliminate the bug in the
characteristics of observers: differentiation. It
is interesting that such strategies are all very similar. They all have
morality, concentration, and wisdom (equanimity, as
it is, acceptance, contentment,
forgiveness) and generate selfless love, compassion, sympathetic joy and
equanimity (Buddha 500BCa) (Buddha
500BCb) (Goenka 1987a)
(Goenka 1987b) (Wong 2008d).
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Wong,
T.S.L., and others. (TBP c). Traditional Chinese Medicine Exercise
Therapy – the Taichi Fully Open & Close exercise,
Wong,
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strategies on systemic management of organizations – keep the contact, avoid the conflict. To be published.
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